To understand the nature of consciousness, it is necessary to forego the notion that we are either conscious or unconscious. Some consciousness "stuff" does not suddenly get added to our other brain ...

Koch, who studied vision, thought that by measuring people's brain responses as they looked at special optical illusions, ...

In Newen and Montemayor’s evolutionary framework, basic arousal developed first. It’s like nature’s security alarm, warning ...

A pair of recent studies examined why sophisticated levels of consciousness evolved in some animals, but not in others. In the first study, philosophers outlined the ALARM theory that shows how three ...

Scott Oldford, founder of The Oldford Company, is an Advisor & Investor with 15 years of experience helping entrepreneurs scale businesses. When it comes to navigating the entrepreneurial ...